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Linux ransomware: How to protect your business

Protecting your business from ransomware is challenging, particularly when a variety of operating systems are in use, each with their own levels of security and risk. With employees likely to be using a combination of Windows, MacOS, Linux and mobile operating systems, it can be difficult to be sure your business security is consistent.

This article looks at Linux ransomware: What it is, how much security it offers, the different types of ransomware that target devices running Linux, and what you can do to protect against its threat.

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What is Linux ransomware?

På generell base er Linux-løsepengevirus en type skadelig programvare som kan angripe systemer med Linux-operativsystemer (inkludert distribusjoner som Ubuntu og Debian). Denne typen angrep infiltrerer enheter eller nettverk, finner viktige dokumenter og krypterer dem. Ofte oppdages ikke angrepet før det blir vist en melding som forlanger betaling for å låse opp de krypterte filene. Dette er skremmende for en privatperson, men for en bedrift kan det forårsake ubotelig skade på driften og kundenes tillit.

Is Linux safe?

While Linux has a reputation for providing strong security measures, making it a popular option for business servers, the truth is that no operating system (OS) is completely safe from malware attacks. The nature of malware is such that human error can often be the cause of a breach – through phishing, using weak passwords, or failing to implement updates when they are available.

One of the positives for Linux users is that security updates are not only regular, but are generally considered to be highly effective, giving your system some of the best OS security available.

Another positive is that Linux automatically assigns restricted access permissions, meaning that if a malicious hacker gains access to a user account, it is less likely they will be able to access secure data or gain admin controls.

Windows and Mac operating systems are more widely used than Linux, but bad actors know that Linux is growing in popularity as the system for business servers. By gaining access to a Linux system, hackers are much more likely to be accessing a server rather than a single endpoint. For this reason, businesses should not be complacent – you must use antivirus software to reduce the risk of being attacked.

Ransomware on Linux: What happens?

Linux ransomware is an increasing concern for businesses using Linux servers. Understanding the process is vital for being able to spot suspicious network activity and other red flags. The approach from attackers varies, but the following represents the typical stages of a Linux ransomware attack.

1. Utnyttelse av sårbarheter

Linux-løsepengevirus er som regel avhengige av å finne sårbarheter for å kunne få tilgang til et nettverk og spre seg. Det kan være så enkelt som en systemprosess som ikke er oppdatert eller en feil i en tjeneste. Slike sårbarheter påvirker ikke nødvendigvis daglig bruk, så de kan forbli uoppdagede.

Noen typer Linux-løsepengevirus bruker skannere for å oppdage sårbarheter som SQL-injisering, som kan åpne for administratortilgang. Det svært viktig å installere oppdateringer og rettelser for å sørge for at kjente sårbarheter fikses.

2. Set up

Once the ransomware is in place, it will request the download of malicious executables (typically a worm, Trojan, or virus), which can then be positioned in the network’s local directories. At this point, it will begin to function. This could mean giving itself certain access permissions and the ability to run at boot or in recovery mode.

In some cases, the ransomware will use privilege escalation to access features typically used only by high-level administrators. This bypass means that the malware could view and edit any data.

3. Scan

The ransomware will scan the system looking for shared folders and files with specific extensions. These targets are predetermined and are likely to include document files (.PDF, .DOC) and software related to the cloud or network storage.

The malware may still not have been noticed by your business, but it could have established itself on your server and already targeted the files it will hold for ransom.

4. Encrypt

At this stage of attacking a Linux system, the ransomware will create an encrypted version of the target files, removing the original. Depending on the type of encryption used, this could be irreversible.

Many encryption methods are known as asymmetric, as they use a pair of keys to encrypt and decrypt data. Typically, one key is public and visible, but the other is private and held only by the creator. The ransomware will contact the cybercriminal’s server to get a public key to begin the encryption process.

If devices are not connected to the network at this point, the attacker will wait until the users are back online before also encrypting their files.
Common types of encryption include:

AES – the Advanced Encryption Standard (Rijndael) is a standard created by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Keys can be 128, 192, or 256 bits (the higher the number is, the more complex the encryption).
RSA – is a public-key system that was developed in 1977. Its name is an acronym of its three creators: Rivest-Shamir-Adleman. They are typically 1024 or 2048 bits long, making them difficult to break.

5. Demands

In the final stage, the demands of the extortion are made through a ransom note. This may be in the form of a startup message, a document placed on a desktop, or in the location of the encrypted files. The ransom will usually include payment instructions. Some will also include a deadline or countdown, which could see the ransom increase over time or threaten permanent file deletion if payment is not made in time.

At this point, the ransomware has completed its task.

Types of Linux ransomware

Tycoon

The first instance of Tycoon was spotted in 2019. It is typically used to attack SMBs and higher education organizations. It can infect both Linux and Windows devices.

System access is gained through a ZIP archive containing a malicious Java image file. An unsecured remote desktop protocol is then used to execute the Java object, which will encrypt the system and leave a ransom note.

Attacks typically offer a 60-hour window for payment via Bitcoin. In some cases, the amount increases daily.

QNAPCrypt

This attack focuses on Linux-based network-attached storage (NAS) devices. Distribution is typically through fake updates and infected files, including ZIP archives.

QNAPCrypt’s point of entry is flawed authentication of a SOCKS5 proxy (an alternative to a VPN that protects data packets during transfer) and has a low detection rate. Once a system is compromised, the malware requests a Bitcoin wallet and a public RSA key from the hacker’s server before encrypting the victim’s data.

Once encryption is complete, the ransom information is left in a .txt file. Each victim is given a unique Bitcoin wallet in which to pay the ransom, helping the attackers avoid detection.

RansomEXX

RansomEXX (også kjent som Defrat777) har blitt et av de vanligste løsepengevirusene på Linux de siste årene. Det begynte som skadelig programvare på Windows, men det har i økende grad blitt brukt til å angripe Linux-servere. De meste kjente bruddene har skjedd brasilianske myndigheter, transportdepartementet i Texas og universitetssykehuset i Brno i Tsjekkia.

Denne typen løsepengevirus er kjent som «storviltjegere» fordi de brukes til å angripe store organisasjoner og statlige organer for å forsøke å presse til seg store løsepengeutbetalinger. I stedet for å angripe mange endepunkter, går den skadelig programvaren direkte på servere og blokkerer tilgangen til filer ved kilden, noe som gjør Linux-servere til et hovedmål for slike angrep.

RansomEXX leveres som regel i e-post som inneholder et skadelig Word-dokument. Når dokumentet åpnes, lastes en trojaner ned på brukerens system og begynner å kryptere filer og genere en 256-biters krypteringsnøkkel. Nøkkelen krypteres på nytt hvert sekund.

Erebus

Erebus was first seen in 2016 as a Windows-based ransomware. It was used for the first time against Linux systems in 2017 for a high-profile attack on the South Korean web hosting company NAYANA. 153 Linux servers and more than 3,400 business websites were affected. The ransom of $1 million in Bitcoin set a record at the time for the highest fee paid.

Erebus relies on the user clicking on malicious links or opening infected emails attachments. It can also gain access to a system through malicious software, such as fake installers.

The ransomware scans for a wide range of file types to encrypt including databases, archives, and documents. The encryption process used is difficult to crack, as it uses a blend of three different cryptosystems (RSA-2048, AES and RC4). The ransomware also deletes Shadow Volume Copies of the operating system, making recovery even harder.

KillDisk

KillDisk is another ransomware that began on Windows before being adapted to Linux. The Linux version of KillDisk encrypts each file with a different set of 64-bit encryption keys. It then prevents the system from booting by overwriting the bootloader, instead presenting the user with a full-screen ransom note demanding payment in Bitcoin.

The Linux version of KillDisk then varies from Windows: The keys required to decrypt the data are not stored locally or sent to a server during a Linux attack, meaning that the encryption tool was most likely written to be destructive rather than for extortion. If no encryption key exists, the files are unlikely to ever be recovered, regardless of whether the ransom is paid.

Protect against Linux ransomware

Linux-løsepengevirus er en økende trussel, spesielt for bedrifter. Dette er noen tiltak som bør gjøres for å beskytte bedriften mot angrep med løsepengevirus:

Installer oppdateringer regelmessig. Alle servere og endepunkter bør holdes oppdatert. Sikkerhetsoppdateringer og rettelser for programvare må alltid installeres så snart de gjøres tilgjengelig.
Begrens tilgangstillatelser. Bedrifter bør ha policyer for å holde brukerkontotillatelser til et minimum. Alle ansatte bør ha tilgang bare til filer og programmer som er nødvendige for å utføre jobben.
Sikkerhetskopier data. Det er helt avgjørende å ha sikkerhetskopier av data for å redusere skadepotensialet ved angrep.
Lag en sikkerhetsstrategi. Mange angrep er avhengige av menneskelig feil for å få tilgang til et nettverk. Risikoen kan reduseres betydelig ved å implementere en sikkerhetsstrategi som omfatter opplæring, bruk av sikkerhetsprogramvare og beste praksis for sterke passord, trygg e-post og endepunktssikkerhet.
Utfør regelmessige inspeksjoner og sårbarhetsvurderinger. Systemene må overvåkes og vurderes nøye med jevne mellomrom. Hendelseslogger bør gjennomgås som en del av denne prosessen, for å oppdage mistenkelig aktivitet.
Ha en beredskapsplan. På samme måte som en bedrift må ha en brannsikkerhetsplan, bør en strategi mot løsepengevirus være på plass for å sørge for at de ansatte vet hva de skal gjøre ved angrep. Målet er å redusere skadeomfanget og sørge for problemfri gjenoppretting.

Find out more in the article “How to secure your Linux server”.

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